Topic
The mathematics of a game: return to player, volatility, hit frequency and expected value.
Volatility describes how a game's payouts are distributed over time — small and frequent, or rare and large. It is the main lever of how a slot feels.
Read →RTP, or return to player, is the percentage of total wagers a game pays back over the long run — a mathematical property of its paytable, not a session promise.
Read →The house edge is the casino's built-in mathematical advantage — the percentage of each wager the house keeps on average. It is the inverse of RTP.
Read →Hit frequency is the percentage of spins that produce any win at all. It shapes a game's rhythm and is a key input when balancing volatility against RTP.
Read →Expected value is the average outcome of a bet if it were repeated infinitely. It is the fundamental unit of gambling math, and every standard casino bet is negative.
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